Because of the way the BES server is designed this is not possible. However, you can make a setup that comes closes to what you need.
When the BES pushes a mail to the device, it does not forward the full email. Depending on the size of the mail, some or most content is still on the mailbox. This will be fetched when the user opens the email and scrolls down or opens an attachment.
The handheld can be setup to keep up to NN days of mail. 30 or 60 days is a common value. Mail older than this automatically is purged from the Blackberry.
So, the best you can do is to keep the same amount of days in the mailbox on the exchange server and automatically delete mail older then the retention time on the Blackberry.
For the automatic delete, you can use the pop3 protocol and some kind of script, which opens the mailbox every day and checks the headers of the mailbox, then delete mail older then needed for the handheld.
most pop3 servers and exchange support the top command which will give you N lines of an email.
For a description of the pop3 protocol see here:
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1939.txt
dont forget to set the exchange undelete time to 0 in the mail store.